ONCOLOGY 3

3.2 VIRUSES

There has been evidence in animal experiments since the early

part of this century that tumours can be caused in experimental

animals by the transmission of cell free filtrates from animals

suffering from malignant lesions.

Later viruses have been isolated from animals.

This has led to animal experiments in which DNA and RNA viruses

have produced cancers in experimental animals including primates.

For example, DNA viruses of the herpes group caused renal

adenoma-carcinoma in frogs.

- Similar tumor viruses were looked for in humans, and the

Epstien Barr virus (EBV) also a member of herpes virus group

was shown to cause infectious mononuclosis and is also

associated with Burkitts lymphomas, in Africa .

- Later it was found to be associated with nasophyrangeal

carcinomas in South-East-Asia.

Papilloma is believed to play a part in causing cancer carvix.

The hepatitis-B virus has been implicated in cancer liver.

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ONCOLOGY 2

3. AETIOLOGY

The precise aetiology of human cancers is yet to be explained.

There is evidence that there are four distinct groups of factors

that have been studied and are related to the development of

neoplasia. And they are:

1. Genetic factors

2. Viruses

3. Immunologic factors

4. Chemicals and therapeutic agents

3.1 GENETIC FACTORS

Most positive examples of the action of this factor in the

caustion of malignancy is the appearance of the same type of

cancer, in identical twins.

- This factor, also plays a part in the appearance of cancer

colon in patients with familial polyposis.

- Cancer of the breast is about three times commoner in daughters

of women with breast cancer.

- Neurofibromatosis (Von Recklinghausen 's disease), is

characterised by multiple neuro-fibromas of the skin.

Some of them (10%) undergo malignant change.

In addition, these patients have an increased risk of

Meningiomas, Pheochomocytomas and Glioma of the brain.
In experimental animals chemical carcinogens can cause mutations and appearance
of carcinomas

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ONCOLOGY 1

ONCOLOGY

1. DEFINITION

1.1 Oncology is a study of neoplastic disease.

 

Neoplasms are defined as a cell population showing excessive non-useful

multiplication and have proved non-responsive to normal control

mechanisms, within the organism.

1.2 Benign tumours are slow growing cell masses that do not

invade into surrounding tissues. They also do not spread to

distant sites by metastasis.

1.3 Besides benign tumours there are a number of pre-malignant

conditions recognised. These are :

* Leukoplakia in the oral mucosa

* Barrett's Columnar cell lined oesophagus

* Severe gastric dysplasia

* Ulcerative colitis

In all these conditions malignant cells may be present but they

have not invaded the basement membrane. These are the cases

described as carcinoma in-situ.

1.4 Malignant neoplasm show in addition the ability to interfere

with the function of normal tissue in the neighbourhood by local

invasion (an event achieved by adhesion to adjacent tissue and

release of collagenase) and they also have the ability to

interfere with the function of distant organs by metastasizing

through blood or through lymphatic stream. These tumours are

usually fatal.

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BURNS 20

DONOR AREA

The donor area, is also covered with paraffin gauze and pressure

dressing applied as described for Dressing Techniques of Burns.

 

In seven days's time epithelium grow from the sides of the donor

area, as well as from the open ends of sweat glands and hair

follicles.

 

In three week's time the donor area is once again available for

donating skin

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