KIDNEY URETER investigatios 1

INVESTIGATION

The major burden of maintaining the internal environment is borne

by  the kidney.

Thus  investigation  of the excretory function of the  kidney  is

important.

2.1 Blood Urea

This  is  the end product of protein metabolism and in  cases  of

renal failure, accumulates in the blood.

*  The normal range is 20-40 mg%

*  The  excretion is a function of the  glomerulus  and  tubules.

   Normal range is 0.2-0.8 mg/100cc.

*  Blood urea rises when renal function is half.

2.2  Serum Creatinine production is fairly constant in  the  body

and  is  related  to  the muscle mass of the  patient.  It  is  a

function of glomerulus normal.

2.3 Urine for cells

This is the simplest test. Loss of RBCs and white corposcles  and

casts  is  another test of renal function and presence  of  cells

indicate renal injury. Pus cells are an indicator of infection.

2.4 Tubular Function

The  ability  to conserve water and sodium by reabsorption  is  a

sign  of  good  renal function. Thus depletion  of  fluid  occurs

rapidly  in renal failure leading to hypovolaemia. Renal  ability

to conserve potassium is also limited and depletion of the cation

can occur rapidly leading to hypovolaemia.

Any questions be sent to drmmkapur@gmail.com
All older posts are stored in archives for access and review.
Visitors that follow may post contributions to the site,please write to address above.
To create consumer/provider engagement visit www.otmanage.blogspot.com
www.sutgistruatlas.blogspot.com            www.drmmkapur.blogspot.com

KIDNEY URETER Anatomy

-->

KIDNEY AND URETERS

1. ANATOMY

The  two kidneys are situated on either side of the midline,  the

hilium  being  at the level of the lower border of  first  lumbar

vertebra. 

They  weigh about 160 gms each and are surrounded by  perinephric

fat. The right kidney is 1-2 cm. lower than the left.

The kidneys are protected posteriorly by the 11 + 12th ribs,  the

quadratus lumborum and the psoas major muscle.

The anterior relations are colon, duodenum and suprarenals at the

upper poles. The pancreas is one additional anterior relation  of

the left kidney 

The  kidney  is a solid organ made up of an outer cortex  and  an

inner placed medulla.

The cortex contains the glomeruli (Shown below) and a port of the tubucles. The

medulla  contains  the rest of the tubule and  collecting  ducts.

The collecting ducts open into the minor calices and these  minor

calyx open into the major calyx which open into the renal pelvis.

1.1 Ureters

The  calyceal system of the kidney opens into the  funnel  shaped

renal pelvis that narrows into a muscular tube 28-30 cm long  and

5 mm in diameter.

This tube courses through the retroperitoneum just lateral to the

transverse  processes  of the lumbar vertebra, crosses  into  the

bony pelvis at the bifurcation of the iliac vessels and then ends

at the trigone of the bladder.

Any questions be sent to drmmkapur@gmail.com

All older posts are stored in archives for access and review
Visitors that follow may post contributions to the site,please write to address above..

To create consumer/provider engagement visit www.otmanage.blgspot.com

www.surginstruatlas.blogspot.com                     www.drmmkapur.blogspot.com

Strangulated and other hernias

-->

STRANGULATED HERNIA

An   emergency  operation  is  undertaken  for  a   hernia   with

strangulated  content  when  gangrene  may  have  developed,  all

gangrenous tissue must be resected.  When strangulated intestinal

is  present;  this requires an anastomosis between  normal  bowel

sections proximal and distal to the necrotic area.

Other Hernia

The so called lumber hernias develop through the lateral abdominal

wall  and  occur in the scar of the incision used to  expose  the

kidney.

A Petit's triangle hernia is another lumbar hernia bounded by the

external  obliquue anteriorly iliac crest inferiorly,  latissimis

dorsi  posteriorily. 

e.

Any questions be sent to drmmkapur@gmail.com

All older posts are stored in archives for access and review.

To create consumer/provider engagement visit www.otmanage.blgspot.com

www.surginstruatlas.blogspot.com                     www.drmmkapur.blogspot.com

 

Para Umbilical Hernia Mayo repair

-->

. PARAUMBILICUL HERNIAS

Paraumbilicul  hernias  occur later in adult life  especially  in

females  at  or  around  the  umbilicus  usually  after  multiple

pregnancies.   It  may  be  due to a minor  defect  left  at  the

umbilicus in the  process of repair in infancy.

-->

MAYO'S OPERATION

The  incision is transverse, the sac neck is identified, the  sac

opened near this site.   The content reduced.   The lower flap of

the  rectus sheath is brought under the upper flap of the  rectus

sheath  and  is  sutured with matress sutured.   The  upper  flap

overlaps the lower flap and sutured in place.

Any questions be sent to drmmkapur@gmail.com

All older posts are stored in archives for access and review.

To create consumer/provider engagement visit www.otmanage.blgspot.com

www.surginstruatlas.blogspot.com                     www.drmmkapur.blogspot.com